It rains year round in Germany. Clouds cover the skies for about two-thirds of all daylight hours. Yet the country has managed to become the world's leading solar power generator.
Even though millions of Germans flee their damp, dark homeland for holidays in the Mediterranean sun, 55 percent of the world's photovoltaic (PV) power is generated on solar panels set up between the Baltic Sea and the Black Forest.
So far just 3 percent of Germany's electricity comes from the sun, but the government wants to raise the share of renewables to 27 percent of all energy by 2020 from 13 percent.
It is a thriving industry with booming exports that has created tens of thousands of jobs in recent years, posting growth rates that surpassed the optimistic forecasts made by the fathers of a pioneering 2000 renewable energy law.
This law, known by the acronym EEG, has helped this cloudy, rainy country on the northern rim of central Europe become a solar giant.
"The EEG was the single most important vehicle to boost the solar energy market," says Frank Asbeck, chairman of SolarWorld AG. The law, which offers cash incentives to people introducing renewable energy sources, was designed to help fight climate change and reduce dependency on fossil fuels.
"Germans have a fondness for inventing and developing technologies – especially when it might lead to big export rates. Helping fight climate change is a bonus," said Asbeck, the 1,350 staff of whose Bonn-based company making and marketing PV products have doubled in number in the last two years.
There are now more than 300,000 photovoltaic systems in Germany – the energy law had planned for 100,000.
Spread out across the country, they are owned by legions of homeowners, farmers and small businesses who are capitalizing on the government-backed march into renewable energy.
Guaranteed payment
Germany's photovoltaic systems generate about 3,000 megawatts of power – 1,000 times more than in 1990.
Asbeck said political decisions in the 1990s made it easy and even lucrative for ordinary people to put the systems on their roofs.
At the heart of the scheme is a "feed-in tariff" giving anyone who generates power from solar PV, wind or hydro a guaranteed payment from the local power company. The power firms are obliged to buy solar electricity for 49 cents per kilowatt hour – or nearly four times market rates.
This can work out at a better return than putting money in the bank. So despite the cloudy weather, the investment pays for itself within 10 years.
There are some critics of the solar power incentives who want the government to phase out the program faster than now planned. The lucrative feed-in-tariffs are, however, guaranteed for 20 years for all existing owners.
Gerhard Mueller-Westermeyer, a climate researcher at the German national weather service (DWD), said most of Germany is covered by clouds between five and six eighths of the time and there are only a handful of days each year with no clouds at all. Many German towns have annual sunshine of some 1,500 hours – about half as much as in Spain.
"Obviously, there would be a better return on solar panels set up in sunnier places like Africa," he said. "But the energy would have be transported and that's difficult. So it makes sense to build solar panels where people need them."
